e-book+of+My+Story+of+the+World+Essay

REVISED

 * == What role did Charlemagne have “in relation to” Roman Christianity? ==


 * == What lands did Charlemagne conquer? ==


 * == Why did the Pope crown Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor? ==


 * ==What was feudalism? Define it.==


 * ==When did it start?==


 * ==How did it work? (Be sure to use to use the words “land” and “loyalty.”)==


 * ==How did feudalism help maintain peace and order?==


 * ==Who were vassals?==


 * ==What is a lord?==


 * ==What is the relationship between lord and vassal?==


 * ==What is a fief?==


 * ==What was an oath of fealty?==


 * == What was the Code of Chivalry? ==
 * == Who were knights? ==


 * == What were the responsibilities of knights? ==


 * ==What role did serfs have? What obligations or responsibilities did serfs have? What did they have to pay? They were the lowest member of the feudal class.==
 * ==What was a manor? What did the manor usually have on it? The district where the lord’s domain was.==


 * ==Who was the Norse or Vikings? What were they best known for?==


 * == What did William Duke of Normandy accomplish in 1066? ==


 * == Whom did William defeat, what name did William come to be known by, and what changes in government and language were introduced to England by him and his “tribe”? ==


 * == Who was King John? ==


 * == What group forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, and why? ==


 * == Why is the Magna Carta an important document? ==


 * == What protections or rights did it give? ==


 * == What was the primary religion in the Middle Ages? ==


 * == Who, or what, were monks? ==


 * == In general, what did monks do? ==


 * == What was a monastery? ==


 * == What role did monks have in learning and education? ==


 * == In what room would monks copy ancient manuscripts? ==


 * == Besides ancient Greek and Latin texts, what religious text would monks copy down onto scrolls? ==


 * == What were, or are, nuns, and what were convents? ==


 * == What was a cathedral, and what role did it serve in the community? A large, really really really, large church. It’s role in a town was the same thing a church is in use for today. Religion. ==
 * == What were the Crusades, and over what were they fought? ==


 * == Against whom did Christian crusaders do battle with? ==


 * == What was the Reconquista? ==


 * == What were merchants and craftsmen during the Middle Ages? The constructers and sellers of the middle ages.What types of jobs, or “trades,” did they do. ==
 * == If you were an apprentice, what was typically expected of you? Merchants selled and traded food, and goods as the apprentices would learn from them. Constructers would build many things. ==
 * == What was a journeyman craftsman? ==


 * == What was the relation between a journeyman and an apprentice? The journeyman would teach the apprentice. ==
 * == How could you become a master craftsman? ==


 * == What is a guild? What is the goal of a guild?\ ==

EGYPT Wow! Egypt is such a large and interesting Country. I’m going to be talking about the geography, technology, Economy, and government. Don’t forget the Religion of Egypt. I can see that those are a lot of topics, about Egypt, but I’m going to narrow it down from the beginning to end. Let’s begin. First where going to talk about the geography and Economy of Egypt. Egypt is located in North America, the same continent as me. In Egypt there is a river that flows through Egypt. This is the Nile River, the Nile River empties into the Mediterranean Sea. With the Nile River and all; it made it easier to get food. This is because the farmers turned the Nile River into an agricultural area. That must have been helpful. Also they used irrigation to help build their economy. Now where going on to the government. The Ancient Egyptians had a democracy, for their government. A democracy is something that is ruled. In Egypt there was a social pyramid. The ranks of the social pyramid, in order, are the King and Queen, the Kush, the army, and the government. The Kush was the leader of the region, the army protected the region, and the government runned the country. The ruler would be the pharaoh. The people had to write somehow? They would write by using hieroglyphics and symbols. There were 500 symbols. There where people called scribes too. These special trained writers; they go around Egypt keeping records, preparing letters, and contracts. Now let’s talk about the religion and architecture of Egypt. Egypt’s religion was very complex. They worshipped Gods with variety responsibilities; some Gods would do different things. For ex. One God made the annual flooding of the Nile River. The one who was the head of their religion was the Pharaoh. When the pharaoh died they were buried in huge stone structures; these were also known as pyramids. That seems pretty complex too me. In conclusion, you just heard me talk about the complex life of Egyptians. Their country, their people, their government too. Egypt is still a country and you can find it in North America. I hope you liked our discussion on Egypt, you sure learned a lot from it.

ACIENT GREECE The civilization of ancient Greece lay on islands in and peninsulas that stick into the Mediterranean Sea. A peninsula is an area of land almost entirely surrounded by water. Small harbors throughout the area give protection for ships that dock there. Two of the large peninsulas on the Greek mainland are Peloponnesus and the Attica. The city-state of Sparta, Athens’ enemy, was on the large peninsula named the Peloponnesus. Crete and Rhodes are two large Greek islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The civilization of Minoa, named after King Minos, grew up on the island of Crete. And the early Greek civilization of Peloponnesus grew on the mainland of Greece. Anthems were the most powerful city-state on Attica. This was where democracy was born. This is the form of government in which the citizens control their government by voting. This form of government was first started by Athenian Citizens. Later, during the Golden Age of Athens, the statesman particles expanded Athens’ democracy. In Athens, the citizens would gather in the jury to vote on laws. Pericles was responsible for building the Parthenon, which is a temple to the goddess Athena on top of the acropolis. Athena was the goddess of war and wisdom. The Acropolis was a high hill in the center of the city where citizens could go for protection when enemies attacked the city. The city of Athens itself was named after the goddess Athena. The Greeks worshipped many other gods, including Dionysus—god of wine—and Zeus—the chief god, He is father of Athena. Every four years the Greeks would have the Olympic Games near Mt. Olympus, in order to entertain and please the gods and goddesses. Name: Sabrina Patriciello Humanities

Date:12/19/11 6-C


 * Fill-in-the-Blank Mini-Chapter on Ancient Mesopotamia **

Directions: Read pages 54-57, 58-63, and 66 through 71 in __Our World__, and pages 17-25 in __A Little History of the World__. Then, read through the below text. After that, find the correct word from the texts that belongs in each blank.

Mesopotamia is one of the world’s first civilizations. The word “Mesopotamia” means land between the rivers in Greek. The rivers that formed this area, which is called the Fertile Crescent, are the Tigris and the Euphrates. Southern Mesopotamia also goes by the name of Sumer. This region was made up not of countries or counties, but of city-states, which is a powerful self-governing city that controls the villages around it. Three such city-states were UR, Uruk, and Eridu. The Mesopotamians created one of the world’s first written languages. It is called cuneiform writing. This was made by scratching on a wet, clay table. It has about 500 symbols or picture writing that look like the thing they describe. Usually boys went to school to learn to read, learn how to make cuneiform letters, and do mathematics. After they left school, they became a scribe or official writer. They wrote laws, legends, songs, and records. The world first set of written code of laws, called the Sumer’s cuneiform system were written in this language. The ancient Mesopotamians believed in many gods. This is called polytheism. Most of their gods were nature gods. Ki was the god for a good harvest; Enlil was the god of rain, and Enki was the god of water. The Mesopotamians built large Step-temples called ziggurats on which they worshipped their gods.

** Mesopotamia **

Mesopotamia is one of the world’s first civilizations. The word “Mesopotamia” means land between the rivers in Greek. The rivers that formed this area, which is called the Fertile Crescent, are the Tigris and the Euphrates. Southern Mesopotamia also goes by the name of Sumer. This region was made up not of countries or counties, but of city-states, which is a powerful self-governing city that controls the villages around it. Three such city-states were UR, Uruk, and Eridu. The Mesopotamians created one of the world’s first written languages. It is called cuneiform writing. This was made by scratching on a wet, clay table. It has about 500 symbols or picture writing that look like the thing they describe. Usually boys went to school to learn to read, learn how to make cuneiform letters, and do mathematics. After they left school, they became a scribe or official writer. They wrote laws, legends, songs, and records. The world first set of written code of laws, called the Sumer’s cuneiform system were written in this language. The ancient Mesopotamians believed in many gods. This is called polytheism. Most of their gods were nature gods. Ki was the god for a good harvest; Enlil was the god of rain, and Enki was the god of water. The Mesopotamians built large Step-temples called ziggurats on which they worshipped their gods.

ROME The ancient civilization of Rome was founded on the Italian peninsula. The city was founded on the Latium Plain. The Tiber River flows through the center of the city. According to mythology, twin brothers named Romulus and Remus founded Rome. After Rome’s last king, whose name was Tarquinius was overthrown, Rome became a republic, which is a government in which the people vote representatives to speak for them and pass laws. (The U.S.A. has this form of government.) Rome was divided up into two social groups: plebeians and patricians. Plebeians are poor class people who work for patricians, who are rich land-owners. The patricians were not always fair towards the plebeians. So, the plebeians protested and got the patricians to publish Rome’s first set of laws. These were called the Twelve Tables. The most powerful branch of Rome’s government was the Senate. It was made up of Rome’s patricians. It controlled law-making and how money was spent in Rome. Tribunes were elected by the plebeians from the Citizen Assembly. They asked the senate to pass laws for the plebeians. There were two powerful consuls. One was head of the army and one was a chief judge. Rome wanted to be the unquestioned leader of entire Mediterranean region. So they went to war with the civilization of Carthage over who would control the island of Sicily. These wars where called Punic wars. Julius Caesar was Rome’s first emperor, which is an all-powerful ruler. Caesar was from a wealthy rich family, and he had built his power as a Senator, Consul, and later as Military Governor of Gual [France]. After Julius Caesar was stabbed to death in the Senate, his adopted stepson, named Julius Caesar, became emperor. Rome grew in power and in the size of the area that it controlled. The time when the Augustus Caesar ruled was called the Pax Romania, which means Roman Peace. To pay for it huge building projects, Roam collected tax money from those it had conquered. Water was carried to new Roman cities on raised water bridges called roads. Roman citizens enjoyed bloody entertainment in Roam’s immense coliseum which is where gladiators fought to the death.

** Renaissance ** The French word “renaitre” means “to be reborn” and that’s exactly what happened in the Renaissance. In the Renaissance, people had a rebirth of interest in the ancient Roman and Greek civilizations. During the Renaissance there was a rebirth of interest in Humanism, which is the name for concern with human interests and human values and with the human experience. The Renaissance, which began around 1436, changed the way Europe thought. The Renaissance began in the Italian city of Florence, because it was a city made rich because it was a center of shipping and trading. The people of Florence had excellent goods and a better chance of selling their goods. The de Pisan family was very wealthy banking family. The best known of the Medici family was Lorenzo de’ Medici. Any gifted young artists would be taken into the Medici household and be educated. Lorenzo de ’Medici gave his support and protection and supports their work to many scholars and artists. The term for such a supporter of the arts is a Patron. One very important artist whom Lorenzo supported was Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo created many great paintings, such as “The Last Testament” and “The Mona Lisa.” But his other areas of interest and expertise were engineering, music, and the natural world. Leonardo was the first artist to perfect three-dimensional sculptures. This was a new way of drawing and painting. It allowed the artist to make an object in the picture appear 3 dimensional to the viewer. Another major Renaissance artist was Michelangelo. He made many wonderful sculptures and paintings. Some of them were his famous painting of Bible scene on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his sculpture, “David”, which shows the Old Testament biblical hero as a Roman or Greek warrior. To understand what the Protestant Reformation was, we need to understand what “protestant” means and what “reformation” means. The verb “reform” means to something in order to improve it. So a “reformation” is something that has been reformed. To protest against something means to complain about something’s fairness. The Protestants were named well, because they protested against the Pope, who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants did not like the way the priests and monks of the Roman Catholic Church were selling indulgences letters. This was a letter of indulgence for sins that a priest gave out in exchange for a payment of money. The German priest Martin Luther wrote the 95 Thesis as a protest against indulgences. He nailed this document to the door of his church in Wittenberg, Germany. In this document, Luther protested that it was not true, or correct, Christian belief to sell the forgiveness of sins. The invention of the printing press with movable type, in 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg, helped speed up the spread of ideas, like Martin Luther’s ideas. It printed faster than a person could write, which was the old way of copying documents or books. The Protestant Reformation in England began when King Henry VIII broke away from the Pope, because Henry wanted a Kingdom and the Pope wouldn’t grant him one. Henry formed a new church called the Anglican Church, or Church of England. Henry VIII became richer and more powerful after the split with Rome, because he took over the Catholic Church, land and money that had been owned by the Roman Catholic Church. Henry’s daughter, __Elizabeth I [the first] was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was known for her intelligence and courage and for helping England overcome religious differences and foreign enemies. She led her people through these times and against the__ __ Armada in 1588. During Queen Elizabeth I’s reign lived the great William Shakespeare. He was an actor, poet, and a play writer. The plays of Shakespeare show a deep understanding of human thoughts and feelings. When he died in 1616, Shakespeare had written 37 plays and 154 poems. He is widely considered to be the greatest writer in the English language who ever